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Traditional activities

　　 to worship the moon, admire the moon, worship the moon

“The Book of Rites” has long recorded “Autumn Evening and Evening Moon”, which means worshipping the moon god, and at this time, there is a ceremony to welcome the cold and the moon, and set up an incense ceremony. In the Zhou Dynasty, every Mid-Autumn Festival was held to welcome the cold and celebrate the moon. Set up a large incense table, put moon cakes, watermelon, apples, red dates, plums, grapes and other sacrifices. Moon cakes and watermelons are absolutely essential, and the watermelon must be cut into lotus shapes. Under the moon, place the moon idol in the direction of the moon, and the red candle will burn high. The whole family will worship the moon in turn, and then the housewife will cut the reunion moon cakes. The cut person has calculated in advance the total number of people in the whole family. Those who are at home and those who are out of town must be counted together. You cannot cut more or less, and the size should be the same. Among ethnic minorities, the custom of worshipping the moon is also popular.

According to legend, the ugly girl of Qi Kingdom had no salt in the ancient times. When she was a child, she worshipped the moon religiously. On August 15th of a certain year, the emperor saw her in the moonlight. He felt that she was beautiful and outstanding. He later made her a queen. This is how the Mid-Autumn Festival came to worship the moon. In the middle of the moon, Chang’e is known for her beauty, so the girl worships the moon and wishes “looks like Chang’e, and her face is like a bright moon.” On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, the Yunnan Dai people also practice the custom of “worshiping the moon”.

The custom of admiring the moon during the Mid-Autumn Festival was very popular in the Tang Dynasty, and many poets have written verses about chanting the moon. In the Song Dynasty, the Mid-Autumn Festival was more popular for admiring the moon. On this day, “Your family will decorate the table and pavilions, and the people will fight for the restaurant to play the moon.” The Ming and Qing courts and the folks’ moon-worshiping activities were on a larger scale, and many historical sites such as the “Moon Worship Altar”, the “Moon Worship Pavilion”, and the “Wangyue Tower” still remain in various parts of China. Scholars and doctors have a special liking for watching the moon. They either go upstairs to watch the moon or go boating to invite the moon, drink wine and compose poetry, leaving behind many eternal swan songs. For example, Du Fu’s “August Fifteenth Night Moon” uses the fifteen bright moon symbolizing reunion to reflect his wandering and wandering wandering thoughts in a foreign land; Song Dynasty writer Su Shi, who enjoyed the Mid-Autumn Festival, was drunk and made “Shui Tiao Song Tou”. The clutch. To this day, a family sitting together and admiring the beautiful scenery of the sky is still one of the essential activities of the Mid-Autumn Festival.

watch the tide

In ancient times, in addition to the Mid-Autumn Festival, watching the tide in Zhejiang was another Mid-Autumn Festival. The custom of watching the tide in the Mid-Autumn Festival has a long history, as early as the Han Dynasty Mei Cheng’s “Qi Fa” Fu has a fairly detailed description. After the Han Dynasty, the Mid-Autumn Festival watched the tide more vigorously. There are also records of watching the tide in Zhu Tinghuan’s “Supplementing the Old Things of Wulin” and Song Wu Zimu’s “Menglianglu”.

Burning lamp

On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, there is a custom of burning lamps to help the moonlight. Nowadays, there is still a custom of using tiles to stack towers on the towers to light the lights in the Huguang area. In the Jiangnan area, there is a custom of making light boats. Modern Mid-Autumn Festival lighting is more popular. Today’s Zhou Yunjin and He Xiangfei’s article “Experiencing Seasonal Events in Leisure Time” states: “The lanterns in Guangdong are the most prosperous. Every family uses bamboo sticks to make lanterns ten days before the festival. Fruits, birds, animals, fish and insects are made. And “Celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival”, painted various colors on paste-colored paper. The Mid-Autumn Night Lantern’s internal burning candles are tied to bamboo poles with ropes, erected on tile eaves or terraces, or small lamps are used to form glyphs or various shapes and hang On the heights of the house, it is commonly known as “Mid-Autumn Tree” or “Mid-Autumn Festival.” Also enjoy yourself. The lights in the city are like the world of colored glaze.” It seems that the scale of the Mid-Autumn Lantern Festival from ancient times to the present seems to be second only to the Lantern Festival.

guess riddle

Many lanterns are hung in public places on the mid-autumn full moon night. People gather together to guess the riddles written on the lanterns, because it is a favorite activity of most young men and women, and love stories are also spread at these activities, so Mid-Autumn Festival guessing lantern riddles A form of love between men and women has also been derived.

eat moon cakes

Mid-Autumn Festival Moon-watching and moon cakes are essential customs in various parts of China to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival. As the saying goes: “August 15th month is full, Mid-Autumn moon cakes are fragrant and sweet.” The term moon cake originated from the Southern Song Dynasty Wu Zimu’s “Meng Liang Lu”, which was only a kind of snack food at that time. Later, people gradually combined moon viewing with moon cakes, which meant family reunion and yearning. At the same time, moon cakes are also an important gift for friends to connect with each other during the Mid-Autumn Festival.

There is also the custom of Bo Bing in Xiamen, Fujian, and Bo Bing is listed as a national intangible cultural heritage item.

Appreciating osmanthus, drinking osmanthus wine

People often eat moon cakes to admire sweet-scented osmanthus during the Mid-Autumn Festival, and eat various foods made of sweet-scented osmanthus, most common in cakes and candies.

On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the moon osmanthus, smelling bursts of cinnamon, drinking a cup of sweet-scented osmanthus honey wine, celebrating the sweetness of the family, has become a beautiful enjoyment of the festival. In modern times, people mostly use red wine instead.

Play with lanterns

There is no large-scale lantern festival like the Lantern Festival in the Mid-Autumn Festival. Lanterns are mainly played between families and children. As early as in the Northern Song Dynasty, “Old Wulin Events” recorded the Mid-Autumn Festival night festival custom, there was an activity of ‘putting a little red light into the river to drift and play. The Mid-Autumn Festival lanterns are mostly concentrated in the south. For example, at the Foshan Autumn Festival, there are various kinds of lanterns: sesame lamp, eggshell lamp, shaving lamp, straw lamp, fish scale lamp, chaff lamp, melon seed lamp and bird, animal, flower and tree lamp.

In Guangzhou, Hong Kong and other places, the Mid-Autumn Festival will be held on the Mid-Autumn Festival. The trees are also erected, meaning that the lights will be erected. With the assistance of their parents, children use bamboo paper to tie them into rabbit lanterns, carambola lanterns or square lanterns. They are hung horizontally in short poles, and then erected on high poles. With high skills, the colorful light shines, adding to the Mid-Autumn Festival. A scene. The children compete with each other more to see who erects it taller and taller, and the lanterns are the most exquisite. There are also sky lanterns, namely the Kongming lanterns, which are made of paper into a large-shaped lamp. The candle is burned under the lamp and the heat rises, causing the lamp to fly in the air and attract people to laugh and chase. There are also various lanterns carried by children in the lower reaches of the moon.

In Nanning, Guangxi, in addition to various lanterns made of paper and bamboo for children to play, there are also very simple grapefruit lanterns, pumpkin lanterns, and orange lanterns. The so-called grapefruit lamp is to hollow out the grapefruit, engrave a simple pattern, put on a rope, and light a candle inside. The light is elegant. Pumpkin lanterns and orange lanterns are also made by digging out the flesh. Although simple, it is easy to make and very popular. Some children float the grapefruit lamp into the pond and river water for games.

There is a simple Huqiu lantern in Guangxi. It is made of six bamboo strips circled into a light, and white gauze paper is pasted on the outside, and candles are inserted in it. Hang it beside the moon sacrifice table for moon sacrifice, or for children to play.

Burnt Tower

The game of burning tile lanterns (also known as burning flower tower, burning vata, burning fan tower) is widely circulated in the south. For example, “Chinese National Customs” Volume Five Notes: Jiangxi “Mid-Autumn Night, usually children pick up tiles in the wild, pile them into a round tower, with multiple holes. At dusk, set a firewood tower under the bright moon and burn them. The tiles burn red. , Then pour kerosene and add fuel to the fire. All of the wild fires are red, shining like the day. Until the night is late, no one is watching, and they start to splash. It is a famous tile-burning lamp.” The burning tiles in Chaozhou, Guangdong are also made of bricks and hollow towers, which are filled with branches to set fire. At the same time, the smoke pile is also burned, which means that the grass and wood are piled into piles and burned after the moon worship is over. The burning of Fan Pagoda in the border area of ​​Guangxi is similar to this kind of activity, but the folklore is to commemorate the heroic battle of the famous anti-French warrior Liu Yongfu in the Qing Dynasty who burned to death the Fangui (French invader) who fled into the tower. There is also a “burning tower” activity in Jinjiang, Fujian.

It is said that this custom is related to the righteous act of resisting Yuan soldiers. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the Han people were ruled bloodily, so the Han people rebelled unyieldingly. The Mid-Autumn Festival was met in various places and fired on the top of the pagoda. Similar to the fire on the peak fire platform, this kind of resistance has been suppressed, but the custom of burning the pagoda remains.

Local specialties

South

There is a custom of worshipping the moon during the Mid-Autumn Festival in Chaoshan, Guangdong. It is mainly women and children. There is a saying that “men do not make the full moon, and women do not sacrifice the stove”. There is also a local habit of eating taro during the Mid-Autumn Festival. There is a saying in Chaoshan: “The river and the river meet the mouth, and the taro can be eaten.” In August, it is the harvest season of taro, and farmers are accustomed to worship their ancestors with taro. This is certainly related to agriculture, but there is still a widespread legend among the folks: In 1279, the Mongolian aristocracy destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and established the Yuan Dynasty, and carried out a cruel rule over the Han people. Ma Fa defended Chaozhou against Yuan Dynasty. After the city was broken, the people were massacred. In order not to forget the suffering of Hu’s rule, later generations took taro and “Hutou” homophonic, and shaped like human heads, to pay homage to their ancestors. Burning towers on the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival is also very popular in some places.

The folk customs in the south of the Yangtze River are also diverse during the Mid-Autumn Festival. Nanjing people like to eat moon cakes during Mid-Autumn Festival, they must eat osmanthus duck, a famous dish of Jinling. “Osmanthus Duck” came into the market when the osmanthus fragrance fragrant, it is fat but not greasy, delicious and delicious. After drinking, you must eat a small sugar taro, topped with cinnamon syrup, the beauty goes without saying. “Gui Jiang”, named after Qu Yuan’s “Songs of the Chu·Shao Si Ming”, “Aid the North to shut down and drink Gui Jiang”. Osmanthus fragrans, a sweet-scented osmanthus, is picked around Mid-Autumn Festival and marinated with sugar and sour plums. Jiangnan women are skillful in turning the chants in the poems into delicacies on the table. The family of Nanjing people is called “Celebrating Reunion”, sitting and drinking together is called “Yuanyue”, and going out in the market is called “Zouyue”.

In the early Ming Dynasty, the Moon Tower and the Moon Bridge were built in Nanjing, and the Moon Tower was built under the Lion Rock in the Qing Dynasty. They were all for people to admire the moon, and the Moon Bridge was the most. When the bright moon hangs high, people climb the Moon Tower and visit the Moon Bridge together to enjoy seeing the jade rabbit. “Playing on the Moon Bridge” is in the Confucian Temple in Qinhuai Henan. Next to the bridge is the residence of the famous prostitute Ma Xianglan. This night, scholars gather on the bridge to play and sing, reminisce about Niu Zhu playing with the moon, and write poems to the moon, so this bridge is called Wanyue Bridge. . After the death of the Ming Dynasty, it gradually declined, and later generations have a poem: “The Merry Nanqu has been sold out, and there is a westerly long Banqiao, but I remember sitting on the Jade Bridge, and Yueming taught the flute.” Changbanqiao is the original Wanyueqiao. In recent years, Nanjing Confucius Temple has been rebuilt, restored some pavilions during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and dredged the river. When it comes to the Mid-Autumn Festival, you can come together to enjoy the fun of the moon.

Wuxi County, Jiangsu Province, will burn a bucket of incense on the night of Mid-Autumn Festival. There are gauze around the incense bucket, and the scenery in the moon palace is painted. There are also incense buckets woven with incense sticks, with paper-bound stars and colorful flags inserted on them. The Mid-autumn banquet of Shanghainese is served with sweet-scented osmanthus honey wine.

On the evening of the Mid-Autumn Festival in Ji’an County, Jiangxi Province, every village uses straw to burn earthen jars. After the crock is red, put the vinegar in it. At this time, there will be a fragrance that fills the whole village. During the Mid-Autumn Festival in Xincheng County, grass lanterns were hoisted from the night of August 11 until August 17. On the Wuyuan Mid-Autumn Festival, children build a hollow pagoda with bricks and tiles. Decorations such as curtains and plaques were hung on the tower, and a table was placed in front of the tower to display various utensils to worship the “tower god”. Lights are lit both inside and outside at night. Jixi Mid-Autumn Festival children play Mid-Autumn Festival cannons. The Mid-Autumn Festival artillery is braided with straw, soaked and then picked up to hit the stone, making a loud noise and the custom of swimming a fire dragon. The fire dragon is a dragon made of grass, with incense sticks inserted on its body. There are gongs and drums when you swim the fire dragon, and they will be sent to the river after they have traveled through the villages.

In addition to eating moon cakes during the Mid-Autumn Festival, people in Sichuan also have to eat cakes, duck ducks, sesame cakes, honey cakes, etc. In some places, orange lanterns were also lit and hung at the door to celebrate. There are also children who put incense on grapefruit and dance along the street, which is called “dancing meteor incense ball”. During the Mid-Autumn Festival in Jiading County, offering sacrifices to the land gods, acting as zaju, vocal music, and cultural relics, is called “Kanhui”.

North

Farmers in Qingyun County, Shandong Province pay homage to the God of Earth and Valley on August 15 and are called “Green Miao Society”. In Zhucheng, Linyi, and Jimo, in addition to offering sacrifices to the moon, they also had to go to the graves to offer sacrifices to their ancestors. Landlords in Guanxian, Laiyang, Guangrao and Youcheng also hosted a dinner for tenants during the Mid-Autumn Festival. Jimo eats a seasonal food called “Maijian” during the Mid-Autumn Festival. Lu’an, Shanxi Province, hosted a dinner for his son-in-law on the Mid-Autumn Festival. In Datong County, moon cakes are called reunion cakes, and there is a custom of vigil on the Mid-Autumn Festival.

Wanquan County, Hebei Province, calls Mid-Autumn Festival as “Little New Year’s Day”. Moonlight paper depicts the portraits of Lunar Xingjun and Emperor Guan Yue Yue Chunqiu. People in Hejian County think that the Mid-Autumn Festival rain is bitter. If it rains during the Mid-Autumn Festival, the locals think that the vegetables must taste bad.

Xixiang County, Shaanxi Province, on the Mid-Autumn Festival night, the men went boating and the women arranged a feast. Whether rich or poor, you must eat watermelon. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, drummers played along the door to ask for rewards. During the Mid-Autumn Festival in Luochuan County, the parents led the students to bring gifts to pay respects to their husbands. Lunches were more than lunches on campus.

Many special Mid-Autumn Festival customs have also formed in some places. In addition to admiring the moon, worshipping the moon, and eating moon cakes, there are also fire dragon dances in Hong Kong, Pagodas in Anhui, Mid-Autumn Trees in Guangzhou, Burnt Pagodas in Jinjiang, Watching the Moon in Shihu Lake in Suzhou, worshiping the moon by the Dai people, and jumping to the moon by the Miao people. , Dong people’s stealing food from the moon, Gaoshan people’s ball dance, etc.

national characteristics

Mongolian

Mongolians love to play the game of “chasing the moon”. People stepped on the horses and galloped across the grassland under the silver-white moonlight. They galloped toward the west, and the moon rose from the east and fell to the west. Persistent Mongolian riders will not stop chasing the moon before the moon goes west.

Tibetan

The custom for Tibetan compatriots in some areas of Tibet to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival is “hunting for the moon.” It was day and night, the young men and women and the dolls walked along the river, followed the bright moon reflected in the water, took the moon shadows in the surrounding ponds, and then went home to reunite and eat moon cakes.

Guangxi Dong

Guangxi Dong people have the custom of “walking the moon”. On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, the Lusheng song and dance team of each cottage walked all the way to the neighboring cottage, gathering with the villagers there to admire the moon, singing and dancing, and having fun all night long.

Yunnan Deang

The De’ang ethnic group in Yunnan “catch the moon”. Young men and women of the De’ang ethnic group in Luxi, Yunnan, when the moon is bright and extremely bright during the Mid-Autumn Festival, there is a melodious gourd sheng from the end of the mountain, and the young men and women “strand the moon” together to express their affection. Some even use the “string moon” to send betel nuts and tea to make a marriage contract.

Yi People in Yunnan

The traditional custom of the Yi people in Yunnan during the Mid-Autumn Festival is “jumping the moon.” At night, men, women, old and children from various villages of the tribe gathered in the open area of ​​the mountain village. The girls in trousers and veils, the lads with cloth bands, the old men, old ladies, and young children all sang and danced passionately, especially It is the antithetical song of those young men and women expressing their love, as if the moon was also moved by it, and it became more charming and bright.

Gelao

On the “Tiger Day” before the festival, the Gelao people slaughtered a bull in the whole village, leaving the heart of the ox in the Mid-Autumn Festival to worship the ancestors and welcome the new valley. They called it the “August Festival.”

Korean

Korean people use wooden poles and pine branches to build a “moon-watching frame”. When the moon rises into the sky, please select several old people to climb the moon-watching frame. After the old man looks at the moon, he lights the moon-watching frame, beats long drums, blows the flute, and dances “Farmhouse Dance” together.

Zhuang people in western Guangxi

The Zhuang nationality in western Guangxi has a more typical activity of “Memorializing the Moon and Asking God”. In mid-August of the summer calendar, people set up an offering table in the open air at the end of the village in the middle of August each year. There is a tree on the right side of the table. Branches or bamboo branches about one foot high, symbolizing trees, are also used as ladders for the Moon God to descend and go to heaven, where the ancient mythological elements of the moon are preserved. The whole activity is divided into four stages: invite the moon god to go down to earth, with one or two women as the spokesperson of the moon god; god-man antithetical song; moon god divination fortune telling; singer singing the song of sending gods and sending moon god back to heaven.

Li

Li people call the Mid-Autumn Festival the “August Meeting” or “Tiaosheng Festival”. Singing and dancing gatherings will be held in each market town. Each village will be led by a “tiaoshengtou” (ie the leader) to participate in the participation of young men and women. Moon cakes, fragrant cakes, sweet cakes, flower towels, colored fans and vests will be given to each other. At night, they gathered around the fire, grilled game, drank rice wine, and sang antiphonal singing. Unmarried youth took the opportunity to find a future partner.